INTRODUCTION

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 (also known as SARS-CoV-2), declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 (Mao et al., 2021), its impact on people has been intense and unprecedented. Besides the social and economic effects, the lifestyle of individuals in many countries became constricted in many ways. The spreading prevalence of the virus prompted the dire need for governments to reduce the mobility and interaction of individuals who traveled from one place to another, internationally or locally (Das et al., 2021). International travel was limited as borders were closed, and mandatory quarantine obligations rendered cross-border travel inconvenient and less desirable. Some regions implemented lockdowns and banned the sale of alcohol. Indoor commercial and community amenities were closed; classroom learning, academic and non-academic, shifted to online mode. Overall, individuals’ daily routines and ways of relating with family and friends have been markedly affected (Alex et al., 2021). This COVID-19 pandemic lingers for two years. Clinically tested and approved vaccines were available earlier than the forecast of the United States’ public officials (Adiyoso & Wilopo, 2021). By mid-December 2020, the first report of the vaccination information was published (Mathieu et al., 2021). Based on the data provided by The New York Times (Holder, December 19), 58.3 percent of people across the globe have received their first COVID-19 vaccination. Despite high vaccination coverage, COVID-19 cases continue to escalate in many countries. The exponential rate of transmission of the epidemic suggests the uncertainty of the date and way this pandemic will end. Medical experts indicate hastening the universalization of vaccination, raising the coverage rate, and continuing to put into effect preventive measures to thwart and decelerate transmission rates (Adiyoso & Wilopo, 2021; Bian et al., 2021).

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